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DESRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS

  1. A) Match the definitions and words.
  2. Complete the definitions.
  3. Complete the definitions.
  4. Complete the definitions.
  5. Definitions
  6. DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS
  7. DESRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS

The Discussion takes the data reported in the Results section and interprets the findings, evaluates their significance, and examines the implications. This is probably the most challenging section to writeand will demonstrate how well you understand the results. This does not mean that the discussion should be lengthy, especially if there is little to discuss. In fact, some journals discourage discussion beyond four or fivedouble-spaced typed pages.

The following suggestions are general guidelines for developing the

Discussion:

1. Begin the discussion with a topic sentence that returns to the question raised in the Introduction section.

2. Mention new findings, knowledge, and concepts that resulted from your study. Donot, however, introduce data that were not presented in the Results section.

3. State whether you have achieved your goal of answering the research question or have found exceptions and unexplained results.

4. Discuss any theoretical implications and possible applications of your findings.

5. Present the conclusions concisely. If additional experiments are needed to validate your results, be sure to qualify your conclusions.

6. Suggest future studies, if any.

7. End your discussion with a short summary or conclusion.

(Based on "An outline of scientific writing" by Jen Tsi Yang, 1999).

VOCABULARY: WORDS AND PHRASES

Choice of words

Prove is too strong a word. Your assessors will prefer you to state your conclusions less equivocally. In descending order of strength:

These results show/ demonstrate ... Very positive.

These results indicate ... Slightly less strong.

These results support ... Useful if you need to demonstrate agreement with a hypothesis or someone else's work.

These results suggest ... Useful as a politeness if your results contradict a body of evidence.

These results imply ...

Appear is also a useful word. It sounds positive, but much less dogmatic.

It is acceptable to use hedging words; science is rarely cut-and-dried.

May be, might be, could be, probably, possibly

But don't go to extremes of hedging.

Acceptable: Theseresults suggest that A is the cause of B.

Acceptable: Theseresults suggest that A may be the cause of B.

Too cautious: Theseresults suggest the possibility that A may be the cause of B.

(Based on "Writing for Science and Engineering"by Heather Silyn-Roberts,
Silyn-Roberts, 2002).

Results and their interpretation:

- What do these findings/ observations/ results/ numbers/ figures mean?

These results/ observations need careful explanation/ require a careful study.

The factors/ effects underlying these results remain unclear.

These mechanisms are to be explicated.

We are faced with the problem of defining (accounting for) .../ finding an explanation for ... .

- This analysis ... serves to provide an explanation/ interpretation for ...

The most logical explanation for .../ My explanation ... is (based on the concept of)

This point requires (some) justification.

- A few words of comment are necessary here.

With regard to ..., a certain clarification is necessary.

The following ... is meant as an explanation.

Our observations ... support the supposition that ... .

Our results ... indicate/ suggest that/ rule out... .

Unsolved/ remaining/ new problems; obstacles and barriers

One of the more fascinating aspects of the phenomenon ... is that ... .

One startling development is that ... .

A striking feature of the calculation is that ... .

At a certain point one begins to wonder whether ... .

It seems surprising to find that ... .

One cannot help wondering about ... .

Other bizarre examples abound.

New data hint at the existence/ scope of ... .

There is a discrepancy/ mismatch/ conflict/ contradiction ... between ... and ... .

There is a striking similarity between ... and ... .

At present we cannot explain the discrepancy between ... and ... .

What is less easy to explain is how ... can induce ... .

There is a danger in relying too much on ... as an explanation.

There is no conclusive evidence on the trend of ... .

There are no clear ways (procedures) of testing ... .

There may be instances which are uncertain/ about which we are uncertain.

There is (considerable) confusion over this difference.



DESRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS | How to write it

PAY ATTENTION TO THE USE OF COMPLEX SUBJECT | EXERCISES | New Solution to the ... Problem | DESRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS | Use a new paragraph to state why the study is being done. | AIMS AND OBJECTIVES | DESRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS | METHODS, TECHNIQUES, PROCEDURES | CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT | Use the proper verb form. |

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