Головна

Please pay attention to the map of Samara Luka on the opposite wall.

  1. A half of cider and a pint of bitter, please.
  2. And displeased that Ols Person of Chester.
  3. B. Say these sentences in another way using the prompt at the end of the line. Pay particular attention to the verb tenses and pronouns.
  4. Crabbe and Goyle were standing behind him. All three of them looked more pleased with themselves, more arrogant and more menacing, than Harry had ever seen them.
  5. Crabbe was sniggering, apparently very pleased with himself.
  6. Define the underlined nouns as count, uncount, singular, plural or collective. Translate them into Russian paying attention to singular-plural correspondences.
  7. Ex. 2. Render the jokes paying attention to the forms of the Verb.

For a long time, the left-side bank of the Volga-river was considered dangerous for the villagers, because it was bossed by the nomads. Only upon the establishment of Samara in 1586, the development of the lands went on faster. The best lands were quickly appropriated by the monasteries, while the fishermen and salt-workers preferred to live in the riverside villages. (Let's move over to the hall "Establishment of Stavropol", block 9).

In the 18th century, the development of Volga region became more widely spread; the new fortresses were built, Stavropol being one of them. It was founded following the decree of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna, dated June the 20th of 1737, and was meant as the quarters of the christened Kalmyk princess Anna Taishina. The fortress location was specifically selected by Vasily Nikitich Tatischev, a prominent scientist, and a comrade of Peter the Great. With the participation of Tatischev, the design layout of the future fortress was drawn - you can see its copy on the wall.The fortress had importance from a military strategic viewpoint, and was the management centre of the entire region.

Within the fortress, the houses of the princess, the commandant, and the archimandrite were located, as well as the barracks, provision depots, a school, the Holy Trinity Church, and a hospital.

Ordinary Kalmyks were supposed to live in the town outskirts. Accustomed to nomadic lifestyle, here they also lived in the hooded carts. Here we have a model of such dwelling. Its base is formed by light-weight wood grilles mounted on the poles connected on top. On the outside, the carts were heat-insulated with canvass and felting. A structure like this could be installed in a few hours.

The Kalmyks' obligations mostly consisted of paying taxes and military service. Every warrior was supposed to have 2 horses each and a complete set of military outfit. Of course, far from all the Kalmyks could afford the required outfit, and had to borrow money from their wealthier countrymen, thus becoming their debtors. (Let's move over to the next hall, block 10).

In the autumn of 1773, a powerful Peasants' war began in Russia, headed by Emelyan Pugachev. Having assumed the name of Peter the Third, he issued a manifesto, promising a well-to-do life to Kossaks and all the other hapless people of the Volga region. Stavropol Kossaks promptly defected to the rioters. That was the only fact from the history of Pugachev's riot, when nearly an entire small ethnic group joined the riot.

The riot was suppressed; courts of inquiries were working in the region to investigate the warfare. Thousands of rioters were (one of every 300) executed. At that time, the Kalmyk population decreased by 37%. Tormented by extreme poverty, the people rioted and tried to get away.

(Block 11). Nevertheless, all classes and estates, belonging to all nationality, united in the face of a terrible danger that appeared in 1812. The people of the region took an active part in the defense of their Motherland against Napoleon's troops. The Kalmyk regiment was one of the first to get baptized by fire on the very first day of the warfare at the western border of Russia. The residents of Samara, Syzran, Stavropol, and Usolye volunteered to enter the militia corps, raised funds and provision for those who was leaving for the war front.

Stavropol Kalmyk regiment went all the way from the riverbank of Neman to Moscow. At Borodino battle, it remained in reserve. Here, in the show-case, there are the regimental color, the church banner, a shotgun, a signal gun, and the Saint Anna's order.Mukeygen Monagov, the Kalmyk, was awarded such an order. In 1813, during the Leipzig battle, he alone captured 3 officers and 30 regular soldiers. In total, during the warfare campaign of 1812-1814, the Kalmyks were awarded 477 orders and other decorations. The Kalmyks took part in the victory parade in Paris.

Nevertheless, upon their return to the homeland, the Kalmyks again turned to their deprived status.

(Block 12.) The archives of the Usolsky ancestral lands belonging to noblemen Orlovs give the most clear picture of the peasants' conditions during the serfdom era.

In 1767, brothers Grigory and Vladimir Orlov accompanied the empress Ekaterina II in her voyage along the Volga-river. The counts liked the rich arable lands, spacious forests and meadows, and the Samara Luka, so abundant with fishery.

This was enough so that the entire vast area on both sides of the Volga-river were moved into their possession. The village of Usolye was the centre of their ancestral land. Originally, the wooden chambers were built in the estate, later replaced by a white-stone palace (you can see it in the picture). The stalls were built in the estate, where the famous Orlov Trotters were kept, falconry and hound hunting were practiced, and even a menagerie was organized. The Orlovs' house contained a vast collection of fine art items and luxury articles, some of which you can see here.

The estate consisted of 26 villages and settlements, including Russian and Mordvinian Borkovka and Kuneevka of Stavropol district. Vladimir Orlov issued a special Code for his peasants, where, among other things, the amounts of rent-in-kind and base service were defined.

For their own times, the Orlovs were progressively-minded landlords; they vaccinated their peasants, opened a hospital and a school for them.

(We now move on to block 13).

Not all the noblemen were so humane, though. The Shioshin landlords who lived in the Stavropol district were especially inventive in their brutal abuse towards their serfs. The slightest disobedience resulted in a severe course of sprouts or a double-tailed whip. The biggest delinquents had to wear a horned neck bracelet with horns, making it impossible for them to sit, lie down, or even lean against the wall. Their peasants wrote many complaints about Shioshins, but attained no result.

The progressive public of Russia supported the idea of the peasants' deliverance from their slavery. Nikolai Ivanovich Tourgenev was one of such progressively-minded persons (you can see his portrait here). As one of the organizers and ideologists of the Decembrists' secret society, he wrote on the benefits of the free people's labor, and proposed his own program for the peasants' liberation. In 1824, he went abroad and did not take part in the Senate Square Insurrection, but nevertheless was judged to death in absentia.

(Block 14). The efforts of the progressive public did not go in vain. In the 1860s, a number of very important reforms were approved in Russia, covering all spheres of economy and social life of the country. In 1861, the Emperor Alexander the Second cancelled the serfdom. The peasants acquired personal freedom, but they had to buy out the land, at high costs.

For the most part, the population of our region at the end of the 19th century consisted of the peasants. Most of the land was cultivated with a wood plough. The steel ploughs were only available in the rich households. They grew wheat for their own consumption and for sale. There were about 1000 flour mills, grain stripping mills, and oil mills in the district.

Cattle farming contributed to the farming lifestyle of the people. Cattle were used for plowing the land, being a source of milk and meat, as well as leather and wool. 100 small businesses of the district were engaged in processing of cattle produce.

For the people inhabiting the riverside villages, fishing and hunting were additional sources if food. Fishing for sale added about 35 Rubles annually to the income. With their handicraft guns, the peasants hunted for wolves, foxes, mink, and weasel.

(Let's move over the the hext hall, block 15). A log-cabin, most often with a straw roof, was a typical peasant house. Now we are going to visit a Stavropol peasant.

The furnishing of the cabin is very simple - a table, a few benches, and some tableware. The stove took up a considerable part of the cabin. It heated the house, it was used for cooking (in the old times, it even served as a sauna!), and the people slept on the warm stove top. A big family spent the night on the benches, the kids at the top, on the plank beds between the stove and the wall.

Everything in the Russian log-cabin was well thought-out. A small quarter did not require a lot of timber for heating. A low door leading from the inner porch to the house was also designed to retain warm temperature. Anyone entering the cabin had to bend forward in order not to knock the head on the low ledge - and thus involuntarily take a bow to the icons!

The corner, where the icons stood, was called the red corner; it was an honorary place, where the head of the family sat during dinners.

A women's corner was next to the stove. This was the place, where ера doo was cooked, and in the evening the women spent their long winter evenings with the stitch-craft. They span fibers or wove the canvas. During a regular winter, a woman was supposed to weave around 80 meters of canvas.

Many families were engaged in different crafts and trades. We are now going to proceed to the crafts hall, to get better familiarized with them.

(Let's come to block 16.)

Making of felt boots was one of the main crafts in the Stavropol district. Here you can see the necessary tools: the boot-trees, a cutting knife, and a compacting roller. Clean and fluffed-up sheep wool was laid on a large T-pattern. On top, more wool was laid, with a linen liner, and then folded it in half, glued, and boiled in the cauldron. The wool shrank and thickened. Upon boiling, the linen was removed, and a boot-tree inserted. A craftsman smacked the felt boot and compacted it with a roller, after which the boot became even denser. A finished boot was dyed, dried, and smoothed out with a piece of pumice stone.

Wool was used for weaving the canvas, knitted the mittens and socks. Home-made wool was used for making warm clothes, and linen canvas - for shirts, sundresses, pants, and towels.

(We proceed to block 17). In the show-case here, you can see the Volga folk costumes - Russian, Mordvinian, Chuvash, and Tatar. The festive female costumes were especially beautiful. For instance, the Mordvinian women decorated their linen shirts with embroidery, wore patterned waistbands with pendants of coins, wool tassels, and shells. A complex headwear of married women was called soroka.

A Russian costume traditionally consisted of a shirt, a sundress, and a waistband. The kokoshnik served as a headdress for married women, while younger girls wore a simple frontlet. The Tatar women made long shirts of colored manufactured cloth, and wore velvet sleeveless jackets. Silver decorations added even more beauty to the costume. The headdress consisted of a small round-shaped cap; the married women covered it with a bright headscarf.

The Chuvash costume is especially colorful. It consists of a long shirt decorated with embroidery, laces, and applications. The married women wore two aprons, necklaces, loin decorations, and a complex headdress of two canvas straps with decorated ends.

(We proceed to block 18). Woodcraft was very important for men. The wood utensils were available in every house - bast sandals, soup bowls, battledores, spinning wheels, canvas ironing tools. The carts and furniture were made of wood as well, as were the log cabins, decorated with back-cut carving. Wicker baskets were woven; containers and chests were made of bark.

(Block 19). Blacksmithing is one of the oldest crafts. The blacksmith's articles may be found in every household - from hoes and plows to nails, sickles and knives. There were over thirty smitheries in the district. The blacksmith's main tools are shown here: an anvil, the hammers, and punch stamps.

(Block 20). Pottery was an additional earning for the people living in the northern part of the district. Here you can see a potter's wheel, which was used for making dishes out of natural clay. The vessels and dishes were then dried on the shelves, baked in the ovens, and covered with glazing.

(Let's proceed to the next hall, block 21).

In the beginning of the 20th century, Stavropol was a small provincial town with a population about 7 thousand people. On the larger picture on the wall, Posadskaya, the main street of the town, is shown.These days, you can only see it on the pictures or photos - the area where Stavropol used to be, is now on the bottom of the artificial lake.

As you can see, the town mostly consisted of single-storeyed wooden houses. Only the merchant houses and offices were made of brick. The most part of the town's population consisted of peasants and petty bourgeois - small-time tradesmen and craftsmen.

(We now move over to block 22). Stavropol merchants were mostly engaged into grain trade. Merchant Dudkin was the most wealthy man in Stavropol in this trade. He was the owner of this tower house which you can see at the picture.

(Передвигаемсячутьвправо -блок 23.) One of the largest stores in Stavropol belonged to the merchant Nikolai Klimoushine. Here one could buy tea and sugar, fabrics, and dishware - everything that you can see in the show-case. Only well-to-do customers shopped there, while the poorer public visited small and stores.

(Moving over to block 24). The photos of Stavropol artists Mikhailov and Kintsel brought the images of the 20th century town residents to us. In their free time, the young people went out for picnics, went out for dates, and wrote letters to their absent sweethearts. A touching letter of student Sidyakin to his girl Valya was kept in the family archive for more than 80 years.

We move over to block 25). The representatives of various religions lived in Stavropol, but the churches only belonged to Russian Orthodox - Troitsky and Uspensky churches. (Please pay attention to the photos).

(Please pay attention to the photos and documents on the wall to the right side of you).

The ministers of church knew everyone in town, all the more so that they taught in the local schools. There were elementary parochial schools, an industrial school, girls' classical school, and a non-classical boys' secondary school. Girls and boys studied separately. It was customary to be proud of one's education: look how carefully the school papers like certificates of education and certificates of progress and good conduct were kept in the family archives.

(Let's move over to the next hall, block 26).

The name of Stavropol is closely connected with the activities of the Russian writers and artists. To this day, the song "From behind the island to the meadstream", written by Dmitry Sadovnikov, is very popular. Not only Sadovnikov left us his poems, but during the 1870s, the poet collected the fairy-tales and legends of the Volga area. Stavropol district is the homeplace of the writer Alexander Neverov (his real name was Skobelev). His most popular piece of work is "Tashkent, the city of bread".

In the summer of 1870, the artists Ilya Repin, Feodor Vasiliev and Evgeny Makarov spent an entire summer in Stavropol, in Morkvashy, and Shiriaevo. A number of drawings made by Repin during that period served as the basis for the painting "Haulers on the Volga". Also here, Repin started his other famous painting "Storm on the Volga".

Vassily Sourikov, a famous artist, visited the Volga region two times, for recreation. In 1911, he lived in Stavropol on the dachas, the summer house.

(Let's proceed to block 27).

The city administration devoted a special attention to medicine and koumiss treatment. In 1902, a new hospital building for 35 patients was built on the hill, outside on the town limits. This is the only building of Stavropol that was not dissembled and remained in its original place during the town's relocation in the middle of the 20th century. Vassily Banykin worked as a doctor there. In the summer, the people ill with tuberculosis used to come to Stavropol. They lived outside of the town, on the dachas rented from merchant Borisov (please pay attention to the photos on the wall).

(We are moving to block 28). Valentin, the son of merchant Nikolai Klimushkin, graduated from the medical faculty of the university and built Lesnoye, the koumiss resort. This was a climatic sanatorium that the most affordable for the lower and middle class public. The doctors were observing the patients, and a lab was available. The people stayed most of the time on the veranda, sitting in the wicker armchairs and enjoying the curing pine-tree-aroma saturated air.

Let's now visit the residents of Stavropol.

(let's move over to the interior hall, block 30.)

On the right-hand side, you can see the office of a wealthy city dweller (a merchant or a member of the gentry). Over this solid oak desk, a landlord or a banker could sit, checking business papers. A hand-made bookcase keeps dictionaries and documents. The office walls are decorated with pictures and photos.

On the left-hand side there is a young girl's bedroom. A solid wardrobe with all sorts of apparel, a dressing table with a delicately framed mirror, and a cozy bed with a laced bedspread - the entire interior is refined and graceful.

(Block 31). In the evenings, the families of wealthier part of the town dwellers used to get together in the guestroom, with a kerosene lamp. A piano was played, or a gramophone. The men and their guests played cards over a small table, while the women did the needlework.

In smaller houses, a guestroom was not always a separate room, as it was often combined with a dining-room. In the dining-room, solid handmade buffets stood, richly decorated with delicate carving. Please pay attention to the sumptuous service of the table - try to guess the number of persons this table was laid for (for correct answer, please refer to the label).

And now, let's have a look at the life of not-so-wealthy town folks. (Block 32). In the houses of the craftsmen or small tradesmen the so-called hall was the main room. A chest of drawers was a must - all the family linen was kept there. Larger stuff was stored in the trunks. If necessary, people could sleep on the trunk flat top-covers, as if they were beds.

(Block 33.)

In the beginning of the 20th century, a new political crisis took shape in the country. The defeat in the WW I, economic collapse, degrading of the country authorities, and the activities of the political parties - all of that eventually resulted in the 1917 Revolution. A new era in the country's history was looming ahead. This is the end of our excursion, thank you for your attention.



Let's move to block 2). | I Всеукраинской научно-практической Интернет-конференции
© 2016-2022  um.co.ua - учбові матеріали та реферати