Ãîëîâíà |
1. Äèòíåðñê³é Þ. ³. Ïðîöåñè ³ àïàðàòè õ³ì³÷íî¿ òåõíîëî㳿. Âèä. 3-å. ×àñòèíà 2. Ì .: Õ³ì³ÿ, 2002.-368 ñ.
2. Øàïîøíèê Â. à. Ìåìáðàíí³ ìåòîäè ðîçä³ëåííÿ ñóì³øåé ðå÷îâèí // Ñîðîñ³âñüêèé îñâ³òí³é æóðíàë - 1999 ðîêó, ¹9
3. http://chemanalytica.com/book/novyy_spravochnik_khimika_i_tekhnologa/10_protsessy_i_apparaty_khimicheskikh_tekhnologiy_chast_II/7116 ×åñíîêîâ Þ. ð Ìåìáðàííå ïîä³ë ãàç³â.
4. http://www.membrane.msk.ru/about/membrane-technology
гøåííÿ
Ó äàí³é ðîáîò³ îá'ºêòîì äîñë³äæåííÿ º ñèñòåìà õ³ì³÷íî âçàºìîä³þòü ðåàëüíèõ ãàç³â. Ðåàëüíà ñèñòåìà äîñë³äæóþòüñÿ ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì ñòåõèîìåòðè÷åñêîé ³ òåðìîäèíàì³÷íî¿ ìîäåëåé ðåàêòîðà.
Áàëàíñíèé ñêëàä ðåàêö³éíî¿ ñóì³ø³ ãàç³â ìîäåëþºòüñÿ ñòåõèîìåòðè÷åñêèì ðåàêòîðîì. Ïðè ìîäåëþâàíí³ çàäàþòüñÿ ïî÷àòêîâ³ êîíöåíòðàö³¿ âèõ³äíèõ ðå÷îâèí ³ ñòóï³íü ïåðåòâîðåííÿ ö³ëüîâîãî êîìïîíåíòà. гâíîâàæíà ñòóï³íü ïåðåòâîðåííÿ ö³ëüîâîãî êîìïîíåíòà ìîäåëþºòüñÿ òåðìîäèíàì³÷íèõ ðåàêòîðîì.
Ïðè çàäàíèõ ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿõ ïî÷àòêîâèõ êîíöåíòðàö³é ðåàãåíò³â âîäåíü - â íåñòà÷³. Âèáèðàºìî ö³ëüîâèì êîìïîíåíòîì Í2.
Óìîâè ïðîâåäåííÿ õ³ì³÷íîãî ïåðåòâîðåííÿ çàäàþòüñÿ òåìïåðàòóðîþ ³ òèñêîì ïðîöåñó. ßê îáñÿã ïåðåðîáëþâàíèõ ðå÷îâèí, òàê òåìïåðàòóðà ³ òèñê ïðîöåñó - öå òðàäèö³éí³ òåõíîëîã³÷í³ ïàðàìåòðè äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî ïðîöåñó õ³ì³÷íî¿ òåõíîëî㳿.
Ïðîâåäåìî àíàë³ç ñèñòåìè ïðè ç0Í2 = 53%, êðîê Ò = 100 ° Ñ, Ð = 10, 100, 200, 400, 600 àòì.
Ò | Êå ïðè Ð = 10 | Êå ïðè Ð = 100 | Êå ïðè Ð = 200 | Êå ïðè Ð = 300 | Êå ïðè Ð = 400 | Êå ïðè Ð = 500 | Êå ïðè Ð = 600 |
0,973 | 0,755 | 0,562 | 0,425 | 0,344 | 0,311 | 0,299 | |
0,988 | 0,885 | 0,787 | 0,703 | 0,643 | 0,576 | 0,527 | |
0,993 | 0,932 | 0,872 | 0,817 | 0,769 | 0,725 | 0,686 |
Ò | Êð ïðè Ð = 10 | Êð ïðè Ð = 100 | Êð ïðè Ð = 200 | Êð ïðè Ð = 300 | Êð ïðè Ð = 400 | Êð ïðè Ð = 500 | Êð ïðè Ð = 600 |
0,68374 | 0,88092 | 1,18316 | 1,56607 | 1,93647 | 2,13952 | 2,22368 | |
0,02656 | 0,01591 | 0,01791 | 0,02003 | 0,02223 | 0,02447 | 0,02671 | |
0,02656 | 0,00266 | 0,00179 | 0,00191 | 0,00203 | 0,00215 | 0,00227 |
Ïðè çì³í³ ç0 çíà÷åííÿ êîåô³ö³ºíòà ëåòþ÷îñò³ ãàçîâî¿ ñóì³ø³ Êå ³ êîíñòàíòè õ³ì³÷íî¿ ð³âíîâàãè Êð íå çì³íþþòüñÿ, ò. å. çàëåæàòü ò³ëüêè â³ä òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðàìåòð³â Ò ³ Ð.
Ìàë. 1 Çàëåæí³ñòü êîåô³ö³ºíòà ëåòþ÷îñò³ â³ä Ò ³ Ð
Êîåô³ö³ºíò ëåòþ÷îñò³ õàðàêòåðèçóº ì³ðó â³äõèëåííÿ ðåàëüíîãî ãàçó â³ä ³äåàëüíîãî Êå = fi/ pi. Íà ãðàô³êó ðèñ.1 âèäíî, ùî ïðè Ð = 10 àòì Êå > 1, ò. Å. Âëàñòèâîñò³ ãàçó íàáëèæàþòüñÿ äî âëàñòèâîñòåé ³äåàëüíîãî. Ç ï³äâèùåííÿì òèñêó â³äõèëåííÿ çá³ëüøóºòüñÿ, Êå « 1. Çðîñòàííÿ òåìïåðàòóðè çá³ëüøóº êîåô³ö³ºíò ëåòþ÷îñò³
Ìàë. 2 Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíñòàíòè õ³ì³÷íî¿ ð³âíîâàãè â³ä Ò ³ Ð
Ðåàêö³ÿ åêçîòåðì³÷íà, çà ïðèíöèïîì Ëå Øàòåëüº ï³äâèùåííÿ Ò çì³ùóº ð³âíîâàãó ðåàêö³¿ âë³âî, ùî ï³äòâåðäæóº ãðàô³ê ðèñ.2 (êîíñòàíòà õ³ì³÷íî¿ ð³âíîâàãè çìåíøóºòüñÿ. Ïðè ï³äâèùåíí³ òèñêó ð³âíîâàãó çñóâàºòüñÿ â íàïðÿìêó óòâîðåííÿ ðå÷îâèí ç ìåíøèì îáñÿãîì. Òàê, âèäíî, ùî ïðè Ð = 10 àòì êðèâà êðóò³øà, í³æ ïðè 100 àòì ³ øâèäøå ïðàãíå äî íóëÿ. ç ï³äâèùåííÿì Ð ð³âíîâàæíà êðèâà çì³ùóºòüñÿ âïðàâî, ò. å. ïðîöåñ ìîæíà âåñòè ïðè âåëèêèõ ò ³ ç âåëèêèì âèõîäîì ïðîäóêòó
Àíàë³ç çàëåæíîñò³ êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ö³ëüîâîãî ïðîäóêòó â ð³âíîâàæíî¿ ãàçîâî¿ ñóì³ø³ â³ä
òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðàìåòð³â Ñïðîäóêò = F (Ò, Ð) ïðè Ñ0i = const:
Ò | Ç ïðè Ð = 10 | Ç ïðè Ð = 100 | Ç ïðè Ð = 200 | Ç ïðè Ð = 300 | Ç ïðè Ð = 400 | Ç ïðè Ð = 500 | Ç ïðè Ð = 600 | |
41,94 | 59,66 | 62,17 | 63,20 | 63,71 | 63,96 | 64,11 | ||
Ç = 53% | 6,72 | 23,71 | 34,16 | 40,47 | 44,76 | 47,86 | 50,21 | |
6,72 | 6,72 | 8,61 | 12,38 | 15,81 | 18,94 | 21,79 |
Ò | Ç ïðè Ð = 10 | Ç ïðè Ð = 100 | Ç ïðè Ð = 200 | Ç ïðè Ð = 300 | Ç ïðè Ð = 400 | Ç ïðè Ð = 500 | Ç ïðè Ð = 600 | |
42,82 | 61,16 | 63,77 | 64,84 | 65,37 | 65,64 | 65,79 | ||
Ç = 54% | 6,72 | 24,11 | 34,82 | 41,30 | 45,72 | 48,93 | 51,35 | |
6,72 | 6,72 | 8,73 | 12,56 | 16,06 | 19,25 | 22,15 |
Ò | Ç ïðè Ð = 10 | Ç ïðè Ð = 100 | Ç ïðè Ð = 200 | Ç ïðè Ð = 300 | Ç ïðè Ð = 400 | Ç ïðè Ð = 500 | Ç ïðè Ð = 600 | |
43,69 | 62,68 | 65,40 | 66,51 | 67,07 | 67,34 | 67,50 | ||
Ç = 55% | 6,72 | 24,51 | 35,47 | 42,13 | 46,69 | 50,00 | 52,50 | |
6,72 | 6,72 | 8,85 | 12,74 | 16,30 | 19,55 | 22,51 |
Ò | Ç ïðè Ð = 10 | Ç ïðè Ð = 100 | Ç ïðè Ð = 200 | Ç ïðè Ð = 300 | Ç ïðè Ð = 400 | Ç ïðè Ð = 500 | Ç ïðè Ð = 600 | |
44,56 | 64,22 | 67,05 | 68,22 | 68,80 | 69,08 | 69,25 | ||
Ç = 56% | 6,72 | 24,90 | 36,11 | 42,96 | 47,65 | 51,07 | 53,66 | |
6,72 | 6,72 | 8,96 | 12,92 | 16,54 | 19,84 | 22,86 |
Ò | Ç ïðè Ð = 10 | Ç ïðè Ð = 100 | Ç ïðè Ð = 200 | Ç ïðè Ð = 300 | Ç ïðè Ð = 400 | Ç ïðè Ð = 500 | Ç ïðè Ð = 600 | |
45,42 | 65,78 | 68,73 | 69,95 | 70,56 | 70,86 | 71,03 | ||
Ç = 57% | 6,72 | 25,28 | 36,74 | 43,77 | 48,60 | 52,13 | 54,81 | |
6,72 | 6,72 | 9,08 | 13,09 | 16,76 | 20,13 | 23,20 |
Ìàë. 3.1. Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 53% îá
.
Ìàë. 3.2. Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 54% îá.
Ìàë. 3.3. Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 55% îá
Ìàë. 3.4. Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 56% îá
Ìàë. 3.5. Çàëåæí³ñòü êîíöåíòðàö³¿ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 57% îá
Íà ãðàô³êàõ ðèñ. 3.1 - 3.5 âèäíî, ùî ç ðîñòîì Ò êîíöåíòðàö³ÿ ïðîäóêòó çíèæóºòüñÿ (òîé æå ïîêàçàâ àíàë³ç Êð). Êðèâ³ ïðè ð³çíèõ òèñêàõ ïîêàçóþòü, ùî ï³äâèùåííÿ òèñêó ï³äâèùóº êîíöåíòðàö³þ ïðîäóêòó â ñóì³ø³.
Àíàë³ç çàëåæíîñò³ òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó õ³ì³÷íîãî ïåðåòâîðåííÿ â³ä òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðàìåòð³â Q = f (Ò, Ð) ïðè Ñ0i = const
Ò | Q ïðè Ð = 10 | Q ïðè Ð = 100 | Q ïðè Ð = 200 | Q ïðè Ð = 300 | Q ïðè Ð = 400 | Q ïðè Ð = 500 | Q ïðè Ð = 600 | |
-15767981056 | -21072418816 | -21729325056 | -2,1993E + 10 | -2,2123E + 10 | -2,2186E + 10 | -2,2223E + 10 | ||
Ç = 53% | -5407,42 | -9262353408 | -13796996096 | -1,6207E + 10 | -1,7725E + 10 | -1,8769E + 10 | -1,9529E + 10 | |
-5637,53 | -5637,53 | -1222095616 | -3540268800 | -5522512384 | -7226600448 | -8699774976 |
Ò | Q ïðè Ð = 10 | Q ïðè Ð = 100 | Q ïðè Ð = 200 | Q ïðè Ð = 300 | Q ïðè Ð = 400 | Q ïðè Ð = 500 | Q ïðè Ð = 600 | |
-16061514752 | -21466726400 | -22137395200 | -2,2406E + 10 | -2,2539E + 10 | -2,2604E + 10 | -2,2641E + 10 | ||
Ç = 54% | -5509,44 | -9452649472 | -14058660864 | -1,6509E + 10 | -1,8054E + 10 | -1,9118E + 10 | -1,9892E + 10 | |
-5743,9 | -5743,9 | -1300212992 | -3650164480 | -5660298240 | -7388937216 | -8883813376 |
Ò | Q ïðè Ð = 10 | Q ïðè Ð = 100 | Q ïðè Ð = 200 | Q ïðè Ð = 300 | Q ïðè Ð = 400 | Q ïðè Ð = 500 | Q ïðè Ð = 600 | |
-16350453760 | -21859446784 | -22544570368 | -2,282E + 10 | -2,2955E + 10 | -2,3022E + 10 | -2,306E + 10 | ||
Ç = 55% | -5611,47 | -9638078464 | -14315069440 | -1,6806E + 10 | -1,8379E + 10 | -1,9462E + 10 | -2,025E + 10 | |
-5850,26 | -5850,26 | -1375784064 | -3756673536 | -5794038784 | -7546749952 | -9062979584 |
Ò | Q ïðè Ð = 10 | Q ïðè Ð = 100 | Q ïðè Ð = 200 | Q ïðè Ð = 300 | Q ïðè Ð = 400 | Q ïðè Ð = 500 | Q ïðè Ð = 600 | |
-1663436016 | -22250364928 | -22950744064 | -2,3232E + 10 | -2,3371E + 10 | -2,3439E + 10 | -2,3478E + 10 | ||
Ç = 56% | -5713,5 | -9818292224 | -14565743616 | -1,7098E + 10 | -1,8698E + 10 | -1,9801E + 10 | -2,0605E + 10 | |
-5956,63 | -5956,63 | -144680448 | -3859584256 | -5923488256 | -7699734528 | -9236916224 |
Ò | Q ïðè Ð = 10 | Q ïðè Ð = 100 | Q ïðè Ð = 200 | Q ïðè Ð = 300 | Q ïðè Ð = 400 | Q ïðè Ð = 500 | Q ïðè Ð = 600 | |
-16912581632 | -22639212544 | -23355740160 | -2,3644E + 10 | -3,2786E + 10 | -2,3855E + 10 | -2,3895E + 10 | ||
Ç = 57% | -5815,52 | -9992872960 | -14810141696 | -1,7384E + 10 | -1,9012E + 10 | -2,0135E + 10 | -2,0954E + 10 | |
-6063 | -6063 | -1518751744 | -3958688000 | -6048356864 | -7847549952 | -9405244416 |
Ìàë. 4.1. Çàëåæí³ñòü òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó ðåàêö³¿ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 53% îá.
Ìàë. 4.2. Çàëåæí³ñòü òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó ðåàêö³¿ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 54% îá.
Ìàë. 4.3. Çàëåæí³ñòü òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó ðåàêö³¿ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 55% îá.
Ìàë. 4.4. Çàëåæí³ñòü òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó ðåàêö³¿ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 56% îá
Ìàë. 4.5. Çàëåæí³ñòü òåïëîâîãî åôåêòó ðåàêö³¿ â³ä Ò, Ð ïðè Ñ0= 57% îá
Íà ãðàô³êàõ ðèñ. 4.1 - 4.5 âèäíî, ùî ç³ çá³ëüøåííÿì Ò òåïëîâèé åôåêò ðåàêö³¿ ð³çêî çíèæóºòüñÿ (ð³âíîâàãà çì³ùóºòüñÿ â á³ê åíäîòåðì³÷íî¿ ðåàêö³¿, âë³âî). Êðèâ³ ïðè ð³çíèõ òèñêàõ ðîçòàøîâàí³ ïðàâ³øå ³ âèùå ïðè çá³ëüøåíí³ Ð, ò. Å. Ç ðîñòîì Ð òåïëîâèé åôåêò ðåàêö³¿ çá³ëüøóºòüñÿ ïðè Ò = const. (гâíîâàãà çì³ùóºòüñÿ âïðàâî).
.
Ïðîâåäåìî àíàë³ç çàëåæíîñò³ ð³âíîâàæíî¿ ñòóïåíÿ ïåðåòâîðåííÿ ö³ëüîâîãî êîìïîíåíòà â³ä îñíîâíèõ òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ ïîêàçíèê³â ïðîöåñó Õð= F (Ò, Ð, Ñ0i).
Ò | õ ïðè Ð = 10 | õ ïðè Ð = 100 | õ ïðè Ð = 200 | õ ïðè Ð = 300 | õ ïðè Ð = 400 | õ ïðè Ð = 500 | õ ïðè Ð = 600 | |
70,2246 | 98,8485 | 96,7741 | 97,9473 | 98,5254 | 98,8095 | 98,9718 | ||
Ç = 53% | 38,863 | 57,8894 | 68,0005 | 74,3702 | 78,7523 | 81,9411 | ||
4,9184 | 14,2479 | 22,2255 | 29,0837 | 35,0126 |
Ò | õ ïðè Ð = 10 | õ ïðè Ð = 100 | õ ïðè Ð = 200 | õ ïðè Ð = 300 | õ ïðè Ð = 400 | õ ïðè Ð = 500 | õ ïðè Ð = 600 | |
70,2072 | 93,8341 | 96,7657 | 97,9417 | 98,5213 | 98,8062 | 98,96889 | ||
Ç = 54% | 38,9269 | 57,895 | 67,9862 | 74,3484 | 78,7279 | 81,9162 | ||
5,1359 | 14,4182 | 22,3582 | 29,1864 | 35,0911 |
Ò | õ ïðè Ð = 10 | õ ïðè Ð = 100 | õ ïðè Ð = 200 | õ ïðè Ð = 300 | õ ïðè Ð = 400 | õ ïðè Ð = 500 | õ ïðè Ð = 600 | |
70,1707 | 93,8135 | 96,7538 | 97,9339 | 98,5156 | 98,8015 | 98,9649 | ||
Ç = 55% | 38,9689 | 57,879 | 67,9523 | 74,3089 | 78,6875 | 81,8768 | ||
5,3356 | 14,5691 | 22,4704 | 29,2677 | 35,1479 |
Ò | õ ïðè Ð = 10 | õ ïðè Ð = 100 | õ ïðè Ð = 200 | õ ïðè Ð = 300 | õ ïðè Ð = 400 | õ ïðè Ð = 500 | õ ïðè Ð = 600 | |
70,1142 | 93,786 | 96,7381 | 97,9235 | 98,5081 | 98,7954 | 98,9595 | ||
Ç = 56% | 38,9887 | 57,8409 | 67,8977 | 74,2506 | 78,63 | 81,8219 | ||
5,5179 | 14,7009 | 22,5622 | 29,3278 | 35,1828 |
Ò | õ ïðè Ð = 10 | õ ïðè Ð = 100 | õ ïðè Ð = 200 | õ ïðè Ð = 300 | õ ïðè Ð = 400 | õ ïðè Ð = 500 | õ ïðè Ð = 600 | |
70,0364 | 93,7509 | 96,7181 | 97,9103 | 98,4985 | 98,7875 | 98,9527 | ||
Ç = 57% | 38,9858 | 57,7796 | 67,8214 | 74,1721 | 78,5541 | 81,7503 | ||
5,6833 | 14,8139 | 22,6336 | 29,3664 | 35,1955 |
Ìàë. 5 Çàëåæí³ñòü ð³âíîâàæíî¿ ñòóïåíÿ ïåðåòâîðåííÿ Í2 â³ä Ò, Ð ³ Ñ0.
çàëåæí³ñòü Õð= F (Ò, Ð, Ñ0i) º îäí³ºþ ç íàéãîëîâí³øèõ â õ³ì³÷í³é òåõíîëî㳿, ò. ê. âîíà âñòàíîâëþº ìàêñèìàëüíî ìîæëèâå âèòÿã ö³ëüîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â ç ñèðîâèíè, ùî ïåðåðîáëÿºòüñÿ. Íà ãðàô³êó ðèñ. 5 âèäíî, ÿê îäíî÷àñíî âïëèâàþòü Ò, Ð ³ Ñ0. ϳäâèùåííÿ òåìïåðàòóðè ãàëüìóº ïðîöåñ òèì ñèëüí³øå, ÷èì íèæ÷å òèñê.
 ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðîâåäåííÿ ê³ëüê³ñíîãî àâòîìàòèçîâàíîãî àíàë³çó ñòåõ³îìåòðè÷íèõ ³ òåðìîäèíàì³÷íèõ âëàñòèâîñòåé õ³ì³÷íîãî ðåàêòîðà ñèíòåçó ìåòàíîëó îòðèìàíà ê³ëüê³ñíà çàëåæí³ñòü ð³âíîâàæíî¿ ñòóïåíÿ ïåðåòâîðåííÿ ö³ëüîâîãî êîìïîíåíòà â³ä òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðàìåòð³â Õð= F (Ò, Ð, Ñ0i).
Âñòóï | Ñèðîâèííà áàçà âèðîáíèöòâà, åíåðãîíîñ³¿ òà äîïîì³æí³ ìàòåð³àëè.