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Transfer of technologies

  1. DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS OF TECHNOLOGIES.
  2. DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS OF TECHNOLOGIES.
  3. The level of technologies influences the economic and political position of any state in the world.

Technologies are the real good today. The world market of t. exists along with the world market of other goods and capital.

The basic differences of technology as a good from the ordinary goods:

non-material character;

technology hasn"t the physical wear, one technology can be used unlimited;

the t. is the intermediate product;

the users of technologies are firms-producers;

technology is not the good of mass demand;

the competition of technologies is very specific;

the cost of technology depends on a buyer.

Participants of t. market:

1). A leading role at the market of technologies of the developed countries is played by the large industrial firms.

2). Small firms.

3). Engineerings firms.

4). So-called unprofitable research institutions.

5). Higher educational institutions.

6). Brokers and intermediary firms.

7). The state - as a participant of market of technologies and as his arbiter.

8). Individual inventors.

The cost of technology involves the following things:

- Cost of scientific labour (openings);

- Cost of engineering labour (inventions and technologies);

- Cost of labour of skilled workers;

- Cost of administrative labour (new forms of organization of production).

The basic methods of determination of t. cost are:

‚ The rule of 25%. The source of price of t. is superprofit.

Market approach. A buyer makes deduction (royalty) from the sale price of goods produced by a licensed t. on the beforehand adopted rates.

Expense approach. A salesman do the certain research works in correspondence with buyer demand. The cost of these works is considered as the cost of technology.

The common buisness approach. The described method can be named as the generalized expense approach, because besides the cost of technology (the costs of its development, more precisely) ineffectual researches are taken into account.

There are three basic forms of t. sale:

1) direct technology sale;

2) sale throughba daughter's firm;

3) sale through a joint venture.

1-st ch. is the most widespread and popular.

3.Every distribution of new technique and technology is a t. trasfer.

The transfer of technologies is a motion of technologies with the use of some informative channals from one its collective transmitter to other. Transfer of technologies is the important method of realization of innovative process, instrument of commercialization of technologies.

Forms of transmission of technologies:

- commercial (retribution): license agreements, non-license forms of transfer technology and co-operation agreements;

- noncommercial (gratuitous): publications, lectures on coferences,, displays on exhibitions, internships.

Transfer is a complex structure and consists of three components:

- financial elements (materials, machines);

- informative elements (knowledge of processes, individual and collective experience);

- organizational elements (organization of production, workplaces, rhythm, synchronization or co-ordination of tasks or functions).

The most widespread organizational forms of t.t. abroad are:

- international licenses;

- international franchise (purchase of the prepared business, right on the own business on a sale products which is made by other firms);

- joint enterpprises;

- technological alliances (inter-firmes co-operation the main feature of which is organization of enterprise round the management of t.).

 



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DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS OF TECHNOLOGIES. | The level of technologies influences the economic and political position of any state in the world. | MATERIAL SPHERE OF PRODUCTION | Basic stages of the machines making process | HIGH-TECH SYSTEMS |

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